Just as a recipe can be used to make a dish of food, a gene can be used to make a protein, a building block . The relative position of common ancestors between the two parental pedigrees is important for the function of the calculator. Both parents are heterozygous, and one allele for each trait exhibits complete dominance*. The banding patterns are the same for each pair, allowing the pairs to be identified. If the breed of dog you are testing is either French Bulldog, Afghan Hound, or Great Dane, the "Breed" dropdown will add tests that are only applicable for those It comes as handy if you want to calculate the genotypic ratio, the phenotypic ratio, or if you're looking for a simple, ready-to-go, dominant and recessive traits chart. Do not forget to reinitialize the calculator between calculations by pressing the Reset button. All the calculations are based on The American Kennel Club's database of adult dog weights and heights. Coloration is a physical trait of dogs that is visible, is not associated with disease conditions (with some exceptions), and that has been desirable since the beginning of the development of dog breeds. Because the Disease Calculator only works with dams and sires in your account who have had testing completed at Paw Print Genetics, it can only be reached by logging in to your Paw Print Genetics account and selecting it from the My Account dropdown. All of the pages on this site provide links to sources that are a great place to start your research. For the first parental pedigree (Pedigree A, with ancestors numbered 1 to 15), the numbers are fixed and the parent (animal #1) can be the father or the mother of the offspring in question. This is displayed in the results table and bargraph below: Adding results for more diseases (including those with more complicated genetic inheritance) increases the complexity of the calculation. If your dog was a human, how old would he be? Many interesting points have been left out, including ticked patterns, progressive greying, the genetics of short, long and curly hair, among other topics. For two traits, an individual can produce 4 allele combinations (2^2). Chromosome Research, 1999. It is important to note that the inbreeding coefficient is a measure of risk, rather than a direct measure of health. 2. Dog Genetics 4.1: Inbreeding Calculator, Detailed Instructions and Interpretation The Inbreeding Calculator by Labgenvet is provided to breeders as a simple and rapid tool for calculating the inbreeding coefficient of an animal based on its pedigree. For the Color/Trait Calculator, you can also manually select potential genotypes for a hypothetical dam and sire to see the potential outcomes. The basics of colour genetics in the dog are relatively simple, but be careful as simplicity plus simplicity plus simplicity.gives us complexity. While it's a good method to learn mendelian rules of inheritance, it's often not applicable to studying humans, as multiple genes often determine human traits. Luckily, our calculator doesn't need to know your dog's specific breed for it to work! Changes have been made on almost every page, and information added about new alleles such as cryptic/atypical/harlequin merle, Northern domino, French Bulldog cocoa, Intensity, and more. Only males have the Y chromosome, and all female eggs have an X chromosome. Consider if they are homozygous dominant, recessive, or heterozygous. Click here for a 30-day free trial! Incestuous crosses resulting in offspring with coefficients of inbreeding above 12.5% should not be performed; these include parent-offspring, brother-sister, grandparent-grandchild, half-brother-half-sister matings. There are children with cystic fibrosis in both of families. The genes that contribute to the colour and the patterns of colour seen in the dog can be grouped into four levels of function: Keep in mind that genes come in two copies, i.e. Hemophilia is a rare genetic, X-linked disease. However, it isn't just a case of the same allele being passed on to all the puppies. That old rule of thumb that one dog year equals seven human years is based on the notion that dogs live about 10 years and humans live to about 70. These bundles of protein and DNA, referred to as chromosomes,can then fit inside the nucleus. Genotype describes hidden genetic properties of a trait. Two different types of pigment Using the known genotypes from previously performed genetic testing at Paw Print Genetics, these calculators accurately calculate all of the possible disease genotypes and the physical appearance of puppies that could be produced in a proposed breeding. Traits are unitary (red color vs. yellow color); There are two versions of every gene (now we call them. The longhaired gene and hairless dogs, Notes on Mutation etc What kind of results will the calculators provide? selective breeding and evolution, Colour term list Dog Genetics 4.1: Inbreeding Calculator, Detailed Instructions and . For example, if allele. Lindblad-Toh, K., et al.,Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog. The basic rules of genetics were created by Gregor Mendel in 1865, thanks to his simple experiments conducted on garden peas. inbreeding depression) will start to be evident. The research team also used the rate of the methylation changes in dogs to match it to the human epigenetic clock, although the resulting dog age conversion is a bit more complex than "multiply by seven." The new formula, which applies to dogs older than one, says that a canine's human age roughly equals 16 ln (dog age) + 31. To use the formula: (Current Weight / Age in Weeks) * 52 = Adult Weight Estimate. Independent assortment typically means the genes are on different chromosome*s. If the genes for the two traits are on the same chromosome, alleles for each trait will always appear in the same combinations (ignoring recombination). So Locus C is not of much interest to dog breeders. It is possible that two closely related dogs do not have the same autosomal-recessive genes, while two seemingly unrelated dogs do - it's all down to chance. In this case, the alleles contributed by the heterozygous parent drives all of the variability. Inside all animal cells (with the exception of red blood cells) is a nucleus that contains the genetic material, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). In addition, the calculator will produce a bar graph that groups the results from the genotype probability table with the same expected overall appearance. Dog Breeder Pro is a web-based software solution for dog breeders, with a range of useful features to help you keep track of pedigrees, waiting lists, test results and more. Nevertheless, these calculators will help you see what is possible and the probability of achieving the desired outcome of a potential breeding. Pedigree B represents the pedigree of the second parent (mother or father). Select the dam and sire and the specific disease tests (up to 8) that you want to include in your calculation. Nature, 2005. Merle is a striking irregular colour pattern seen in a number of breeds of dog. What will they look like? Once you have made your selections, the calculator will then provide you a results table with the expected percentage of pups in the litter with each possible genotype and a brief interpretation. Autosomal alles - homozygous or heterozygous? This allele is picked at random, so each of the two alleles has an equal chance ( 50%) of being passed on. By 6 weeks old, smaller breeds will gain approximately 5 oz. There are types of alleles which are superior to the other types (dominant alleles); The chance either allele will be inherited is equal; and, Xd - X chromosome with Hemophilia gene; and. Canine Genetics and Genomics Consulting Services; Liz Hare's CV; DHS-Funded Genetic Improvement of Explosive Detector Canines Project Kickoff (2010) The Role of Genetic Improvement in the Production of Explosives Detector Dogs for National Security Projects in Collaboration with the Penn Vet Working Dog Center: Hydration Strategies for Working Dogs Double merle problems and CDA. An elevated inbreeding coefficient for an animal indicates that the undesirable effects of inbreeding (i.e. So while the normal length of the canine pregnancy is 63 days, day 1 is not easy to pinpoint without hormonal assays. The Inbreeding Calculator is provided as a tool for breeders and is the result of the vision and implementation of Benoit Bouchard, MsEng, a long-time breeder of Pug dogs, in collaboration with Labgenvet and with the help and consultation of Dr. Now, let's calculate the genotypic and phenotypic ratios: Because allele a is recessive, when it appears with a dominant allele, the trait it carries is not visible, but the allele is still there, ready to potentially be inherited in the future. si Irish white spotting gives a dog with white undersides. Chromosomes can be stained with a dye that allows them to be seen under a specialized microscope when at a stage of cell division called metaphase(Figure 1). What if the potential dam and sire are both carriers of a genetic disease? Every gene has two versions, called alleles. Punnet squares and a big Labrador case study, Dilution (blue and isabella) A two-trait Punnett Square has 16 boxes. In each pair, one is from the mother (egg) and one is from the father (sperm). When the gene is mutated and not active, no pigment is formed. Coat Color - Calculate your doggies color! All of his sons will be completely free of the disease. Let's say we need to know the probability that our patients' baby will inherit a genetic disorder called cystic fibrosis. For example, in a hypothetical breeding between a dam and a sire who are both carriers for yellow/red coat color (E/e) and brown coat color (B/b), the calculator will produce the following results: The Disease Calculator only works with dogs that have genetic test results found in your account. Dog semen can remain viable for up to 5 days inside the bitch's body. Check out 3 similar genetics calculators . Of the sixteen possible allele combinations: A simpler pattern arises when one of the parents is homozygous for all traits. One combination produces a double recessive offspring. With some breeds living as short as 7 years and as long as 18 years. It is important to note that for Agouti to be functional, the dog must be double recessive (Ky/Ky) at the K locus. With simple experiments and insightful observations, he was able to draw conclusions that are useful up to this day - it's no wonder he's called the Father of genetics. We hope our customers will find these calculators useful as they make preparations for future breedings. Locus A (Agouti: dominant black and recessive yellow). We can clearly see that all of the patient's children will be healthy. The E series, Great Danes (Autosomal inheritance means that described genes are located on regular chromosomes [1-22], and not sex chromosomes [X,Y]). Thus, the inbreeding coefficient can be viewed as a compromise. Genetic coefficient of inbreeding (COI) is the most accurate method for measuring inbreeding. Brief Instructions: Change the ancestor numbers in Pedigree B (ancestors 16 to 30) to correspond to common ancestors in Pedigree A (ancestors 1 to 15). For dogs that have been imported, we may only have a three generation pedigree, so it may be difficult for us to calculate an informative CoI. dogs from your account by checking the box and making selections there. A key component of DNA is the nucleotide. A third allele for any one of the traits increases the number of genotypes from 81 to 108. Fill the first column and row with the parent's alleles. In-depth breeding case study, Red intensity and albino If you have any difficulties then try switching to a different browser or using a PC/laptop. The calculator was built by a data scientist to ensure the results will be as accurate as possible. Locus K is unique to dogs and is not found in other domestic animals including the cat. Second situation: only one parent is a carrier. Note that in Pedigree A, positions 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 are marked by blue rectangles and represent male animals while positions 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 are marked by pink rectangles and represent female animals. Link to Labgenvets page on Dog Genetics 4.0: Evolution, Breeds, Breeding Strategies and Inbreeding, 2023 Labgenvet / Tous droits rservs / All Rights Reserved, Frequencies of genetic disease mutations by breed, Dog Genetics 3.0: Simple Genetic Diseases, Dog Genetics 4.0: Evolution, Breeds, Breeding strategies and Inbreeding, Dog Genetics 4.1: Inbreeding Calculator, Detailed Instructions and Interpretation, Dog Genetics 4.2: Pedigree based Inbreeding Coefficients of dog breeds as calculated and provided by The Kennel Club, for 2019, Veterinary Continuing Education Dog Genetics Demystified, Frequencies of Genetic Disease Mutations by Cat Breed, Cat Genetics 2.2: Glossary of Colour and Coat Genetics, Cat Genetics 3.0: Simple Genetic Diseases, Cat Genetics 4.0: Evolution, Breeds, Breeding Strategies and Inbreeding, Cat Genetics 4.1: Inbreeding Calculator, Detailed Instructions and Interpretation, Horse Genetics 4.0: Evolution, Breeds, Breeding Strategies and Inbreeding, Horse Genetics 4.1: Inbreeding Calculator, Detailed Instructions and Interpretation, CVMA Small Animal Practitioners Award 2022 for Labgenvet, Laboratory of Veterinary Genetics " For the genetic improvement of our domestic animals ", www.thekennelclub.org.uk/services/public/mateselect/, Dog Genetics 4.0: Evolution, Breeds, Breeding Strategies and Inbreeding, Canine Disease Profile Primary Open Angle Glaucoma, Canine Disease Profile Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR1), Canine Disease Profile Degenerative Myelopathy (DM), Canine Disease Profile PRA-Type-1 Papillons, Cat Genetic Profile Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HMC), Cat Genetic Profile Feline Blood Groups. This means that both parents have recessive alleles, but exhibit the dominant phenotype. Dog Breed Calculator. Traits are inherited through genes, the memory banks of the cell. We use capital letters for dominant alleles (A), and lowercase for recessive alleles (a). A short genetics quiz! Heterozygous - We use it where one allele is recessive (a), and the other is dominant (A). Disclaimer: Before reading through this site, please note that I am not a geneticist or a professional scientist (please see the "About Me" pages). per week while larger breeds will gain around 2 lb 5 oz. Autosomal recessive. Test your understanding with the Punnett Square Calculator Problem Set. The height of a child cannot be predicted using the Punnett square method - there are too many variables and genes affecting this trait. A three trait square has 64 boxes. Accordingly, the actual date of conception can be days later than the effective mating day. Why does it matter? Enter the known genetics of your French Bulldog Stud and Dam, then click calculate below. Breeders are responsible for having an adequate understanding of inbreeding coefficients and for a judicious use of the calculator. From black to pink and everything inbetween, Breeding A second variation at the K locus is responsible for the Brindle coloration (Kbr) seen in some breeds such as the Boxer. This calculates the probability that two copies of a gene variant have been inherited from an ancestor common to both the mother and the father. Frequencies of Genetic Disease Mutations by Breed, Dog Genetics 2.2: Genes for Dog Coat Colour and Hair Traits, Dog Genetics 2.3: Link to Paw Print Genetics Color Calculator, Dog Genetics 3.0: Simple Genetic Diseases, Dog Genetics 4.0: Evolution, Breeds, Breeding Strategies and Inbreeding, Dog Genetics 4.1: Inbreeding Calculator, Detailed Instructions and Interpretation, Dog Genetics 4.2: Pedigree based Inbreeding Coefficients of dog breeds as calculated and provided by The Kennel Club, for 2019, 2023 Labgenvet / Tous droits rservs / All Rights Reserved, Frequencies of genetic disease mutations by breed, Dog Genetics 4.0: Evolution, Breeds, Breeding strategies and Inbreeding, Dog Genetics 4.2: Pedigree based Inbreeding Coefficients of dog breeds as calculated and provided by The Kennel Club, for 2019, Veterinary Continuing Education Dog Genetics Demystified, Frequencies of Genetic Disease Mutations by Cat Breed, Cat Genetics 2.2: Glossary of Colour and Coat Genetics, Cat Genetics 3.0: Simple Genetic Diseases, Cat Genetics 4.0: Evolution, Breeds, Breeding Strategies and Inbreeding, Cat Genetics 4.1: Inbreeding Calculator, Detailed Instructions and Interpretation, Horse Genetics 4.0: Evolution, Breeds, Breeding Strategies and Inbreeding, Horse Genetics 4.1: Inbreeding Calculator, Detailed Instructions and Interpretation, CVMA Small Animal Practitioners Award 2022 for Labgenvet, Laboratory of Veterinary Genetics - " For the genetic improvement of our domestic animals ". What should be known about Merle is that it is a gene that acts during development (a bit like the S locus), that it is a dominant trait (only one copy needs to be mutated to give the Merle coat pattern), and that it can be associated with birth defects including eye and ear problems. The genotypes for both the dam and the sire must be chosen if the defaults are not to be used. The K and A series, Oddities Our Punnett square maker works on autosomal alleles (chromosomes 1-22), but it can be used for other things. The Coat Color/Trait Calculator can also be reached from the Coat Color and Trait Testing page of the Paw Print Genetics website: https://www.pawprintgenetics.com/products/traits/. There are four nucleotides: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C), and it is the specific order of these nucleotides that determines the genetic code. This is a male cell, as indicated by the presence of an X and Y chromosome (labeled). sw Extreme white spotting gives an almost entirely white dog, usually with a bit of pigment left on the head. During that era, humanity had no microscopes, complex scientific technology, or the slightest concept of genes. Dog Age Calculator Ever wonder how old your dog is in human years? Multi-trait Punnett Squares are large. The two basic pigments that contribute to coloration are black and yellow pigments. Finally, a recessive version of K (Ky) allows the Agouti gene to be functional. In some breeds, Locus D can be associated with alopecia or loss of hair, probably due to another as yet unidentified gene acting in combination with d/d. You then multiply this by 16 = 39.68 + 31 = 70 years old. var sc_invisible=1; Coat Color Calculator Is an application for dog lovers where you can predict a puppy's coat color based on the genes passed by its mother and father. However, the genetics of white spotting remains complicated and not fully understood. Specific dyes can be used to induce a banding pattern for each and then observed with a powerful microscope. It's freeAll about dog breeding www.LoveMyPups.comDon't forget, subscribe, like and make comments, O. On the other hand, an elevated inbreeding coefficient will increase the chances that desirable traits associated with the breed in question will be fixed. Indeed, the different white spotting patterns observed may be the result of different combinations of the mutations that were described, and this may vary between breeds. This arrangement of the chromosomes is referred to as a karyotypeand serves as a common format for researchers and veterinary professionals to identify and refer to the individual chromosomes. Ever wonder how old your dog is in human years? The Disease Calculator automates these complex calculations and presents the results of a prospective breeding in a simple and easily understandable format. NC State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Active Shooter & Mass Attack Safety Resources, iy_2023; im_03; id_04; ih_02; imh_51; i_epoch:1677927118126, py_2023; pm_02; pd_08; ph_03; pmh_04; p_epoch:1675854245865, link-block; link-block_link-block; bodystr, pn_tstr:Wed Feb 08 03:04:05 PST 2023; pn_epoch:1675854245865. Three traits produce 8 combinations (2^3). Simply click on the link for Color/Trait Calculator located above the Coat Color Diagram on the right side of the page. When the words are spelled correctly, and in the right order, they make sense and tell a genetic story. Dilution can combine with Brown to give additional coat colours in the dog including Isabella, Lilac (as in the cat), Fawn, or Buff, again depending on the breed. our genetic system is in duplicate (see Labgenvets page on Dog Genetics 1.0: The Basics). Let's look at the genetic table below. Download on the App Store. Since all allele combinations are equally likely to occur, a Punnett Square predicts the probability of a cross producing each genotype. The major gene for white markings in dogs is at the S locus, and classically four versions are described: S The Dominant version, which gives a dog with no white spots. The genetics of dog coloration is a good practical example of basic genetics and heredity. More complicated patterns can be examined. Each of the 78 rod-shaped structures are separate chromosomes. Make sure to check out our partners below, and my shops on Etsy and Redbubble! To help reduce the highest degrees of inbreeding, The Kennel Club does however not register puppies produced from a mating between father and daughter, mother and son, or brother and sister, save in rare exceptional circumstances for scientifically proven welfare reasons. In the dog, the Agouti gene is responsible for Dominant Yellow (sable), Recessive Black (a/a), and a couple of colour patterns including Agouti (now referring to the pattern of yellow hairs with black tips as seen in German Shepherds), and Black and Tan as seen in many breeds but lets mention the Gordon Setter because that was our first family dog. Pedigree A represents the pedigree of the first parent (father or mother). To allow all the DNA from a single cell to fit inside a nucleus,a special protein scaffold allows the DNA to wind tightly into bundles. The CoI calculator gives you a percentage score. Dogs have 78 chromosomes; 39 come from the father and 39 come from the mother. Will they have long, short, or curly hair? How does the inheritance of traits work? For a given gene, an individual dog can have two copies that are the same (either two dominant or two recessive copies), or one copy that is dominant and one copy that is recessive. Look at the result of the Punnett square. READ ABOUT OUR RESPONSE TO COVID-19 Colour is produced by special chemicals called pigment. Once again, this presentation of dog colour genetics is designed as an initiation to the field. The Coat Color/Trait Calculator can also be found at https://www.pawprintgenetics.com/products/traits/calculator/. From a genetic point of view, every dog is actually three dogs: shadow, substance and the combination of both. Find the genotypes of both parents. reducing litter sizes and fertility.You can find out more about inbreeding, genetics and DNA testing in a number of films available onThe Kennel Club Academy. dog genetics calculator. Changes have been made on almost every page, and information added about new alleles such as cryptic/atypical/harlequin merle, Northern domino, French Bulldog cocoa, Intensity Redbubble They found similar processes occurring in a 7-week-old puppy and a 9-month-old human baby. Our puppy weight calculator determines how big your puppy will be when it becomes an adult dog. dog genetics calculator Menu fatal shooting in los angeles today. In addition, the calculator will produce a bar graph that groups the results from the genotype probability table with the same expected overall outcome. Recessive alleles' features will only be visible if there are no dominant alleles. Founded in 1884, the not-for-profit AKC is the recognized and trusted expert in breed, health, and training information for all dogs. The Punnett square calculator provides you with an answer to that and many other questions. Note that this is just an estimate, and your puppy's final weight may vary depending on various factors such as breed, nutrition, and genetics. A given trait must be defined only by the alleles we're going to use in the genetic square. We want to know the chances that a male patient with hemophilia will have a baby with this disorder. It is the actual DNA sequence where differences between breeds are detected. The higher the inbreeding coefficient, the higher the risk of health issues. Chromosomes of a dog cell are shown in Figure 2 below. Figure 1. Copyright 2013-2023 All Rights Reserved. When dogs are double recessive at the E locus (e/e) and also have the Dominant Black (KB) at the K locus, then this gives Recessive Yellow. Since each chromosome is present twice (maternal and paternal sets), the chromosome can be aligned into pairs, numbered accordingly, and displayed as shown in Figure 3. Both parents are healthy, but they still may be carries since the disorder is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. The substance is the living, breathing dog you can see and touch (the phenotype). breeds and their close relatives. Change the ancestor numbers in Pedigree B (ancestors 16 to 30) to correspond to common ancestors in Pedigree A (ancestors 1 to 15). The lower the degree of inbreeding, the lower the inbreeding coefficient. The letters in the manual represent the nucleotides of the DNA, the words represent the genes, and the chapters represent the chromosomes. Training isn't just for pets - here's your chance to learn too. You must remember that not all genes can be used to create a Punnett square. Homozygous genotype signifies the presence of two identical alleles (both normal or identically mutated - AA or aa). Figure 3. More broadly, genetics covers the study of genes, how they are organized in cells, how they are regulated, and how they interact with each other and the environment. Your animal is represented as animal 1 in the upper parental pedigree (Pedigree A, with animals 1 to 15) and can be either the potential father or mother. Metaphase chromosomes of the domestic dog when stained with a specific dye and viewed with a high-powered microscope to reveal banding patterns along the length of each chromosome. Phenotype describes the appearance, that is, what's visible. The calculator will present to you a list of possible dams and sires along with their Paw Print Genetics test results. Key takeaways about a dog's age. Simply, fill in all the relevant questions and click on the "Calculate Ideal Dog" button. Chromosomes have thousands of genes with DNA-encoded traits, and each gene has allele pairs. Dog Genetics 2.2: Genes for Dog Coat Colour and Hair Traits. The first situation: both parents are carriers. The dog has 39 pairs of chromosomes in each cell (39 from the mother and 39 from the father). Genetics 4.1: Inbreeding Calculator, Detailed Instructions and Interpretation. Select the dam and sire and the specific disease tests (up to 8) that you want to include in your calculation. In this version of the calculator, the inbreeding coefficient is calculated based on common ancestors found between the two parental pedigrees but does not consider common ancestors within parental pedigrees. It must be stated that an inbreeding coefficient is just one tool amongst many others available to breeders to help them in making breeding decisions. 438(7069): p. 803-19. var sc_project=7877016; The ChromaGene test will determine which one of the genotypes listed below your Labrador Retriever is: Coat Color Inheritance Chart for the Labrador Retriever ChromaGene Type Let's think about X-linked diseases - disorders that are inherited only via the female line of the family. With one row or column for each allele combination, the total number of boxes in a Punnett Square equals the number of rows times the number of columns. If you require further information on how to enter, please read below. This further simplification may result in an underestimation of the absolute value of the inbreeding coefficient calculated for a given animal, however this should not interfere with conclusions made when comparing pedigrees and potential mating partners when performing virtual crosses. If the same genotype is present in two boxes, its probability of occurring doubles to 1/8 (1/16 + 1/16). This Punnett square generator will teach you the basics of genetics, and will guide you, step-by-step, on how to create your own genetic square. Dilution is a recessive trait that will modify normal black pigmentation to give a grey colour (d/d) called either Blue, Grey or Slate depending on the breed. Locus E also has a dominant version (EM), which gives the Black Mask pattern of coloration in the face that is seen in many dog breeds. The Coat Color/Trait Calculator can be used by the general public and both the Coat Color/Trait and Disease Calculators can be used by Paw Print Genetics customers specifically for their dogs that have results from PPG testing. It comes as handy if you want to calculate the genotypic ratio, the phenotypic ratio, or if you're looking for a simple, ready-to-go, dominant and recessive traits chart. Paw Print Genetics, Paw Print Pedigrees, Paw Print Parentage, Canine HealthCheck, The Definitive Resource for Canine Genetic Health, Great Dogs Start With Great Genetics, Your Canine Genetic Resource. Inbreeding can also have an impact on the breed as a whole, e.g. The phenotype ratio predicted for dihybrid cross is 9:3:3:1. When mammals such as dogs breed, each parent passes on just one allele from each of its loci. Breed:French BulldogAfghan HoundGreat DaneOther Test: Dam: Sire: Agouti (A locus)Test details A/AA/AA/AA/aA/AA/AA/aA/AA/aa/a